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Evaluating Taoism and Zen

Evaluating Taoism and Zen “Constantly regard the universe as one living being, having one substance and one soul; and observe how all things have reference to one perception, the perception of this one living being; and how all things act with one movement; and how all things are the cooperating causes of all things which […]

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What Is Spirituality?

J.X. Mason’s Blog of 7-6-2020.  To sign up for Our Weekly Blogs, go to Subscribe Our Book of Continuing Creation describes a “Spiritual Path Based on Nature, Reason, & Science.” But what is “Spirituality?” Spirituality is the human experience of deep and positive connection with Nature and all of Creation. This experience often encompasses feelings […]

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The Processes of Evolution — and their spiritual meaning

The Processes of Evolution — and their spiritual meaning The Way of Continuing Creation is based on Nature, Reason, and Science.  For our Spiritual Practice of Continuing Creation, the Science of Evolution is the most important of all the sciences. Not because it is the most fundamental (physics and chemistry are more fundamental), but because […]

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  1. Emily Singer, “Mongrel Microbe Tests Story of Complex Life,” 11-30-2015, Quanta Magazine, re-reported in Scientific American https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/mongrel-microbe-tests-story-of-complex-life/.
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  3. Arvin Ash, Abiogenesis – How Life Came from Inanimate Matter, a video film, 9-6-2019, www.arvinash.com
  4. Arvin Ash, Abiogenesis – How Life Came from Inanimate Matter, 9-6-2019, a video film, www.arvinash.com
  5. Arvin Ash, Abiogenesis – How Life Came from Inanimate Matter, 9-6-2019, a video film, www.arvinash.com
  6. Arvin Ash, Abiogenesis – How Life Came from Inanimate Matter, 9-6-2019, a video film, www.arvinash.com.
  7. Arvin Ash, Abiogenesis – How Life Came from Inanimate Matter, 9-6-2019, a video film, www.arvinash.com
  8. Robert. M. Hazen, The Story of Earth: The First 4.5 Billion Years, from Stardust to Living Planet, 2012, Penguin Books.
  10. 1974, Bantam Books. From Essays that originally appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine between 1971 and 1973. 9 Lewis Thomas, The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher, 1974, Bantam Books, The Viking Press.
  11. Arjun Berera,"Space Dust Collisions as a Planetary Escape Mechanism," 11-6-2015, Astrobiology.7 (12): 1274–1282. arXiv:1711.01895. Bibcode:2017AsBio..17.1274B. doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1662. PMID 29148823. S2CID 126012488. See also Wikipedia, Earliest Known Life Forms. See also Wikipedia, “Life on Mars.  
  12. Science Daily, June 16, 2020, from Univ of British Colombia. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200616100831.htm.
  13. Arvin Ash, Abiogenesis – How Life Came from Inanimate Matter, 9-6-2019, a video film, www.arvinash.com
  14. Arvin Ash, Abiogenesis – How Life Came from Inanimate Matter, 9-6-2019, a video film, www.arvinash.com
  15. Nick Lane, The Vital Question: Energy, Evolution, and the Origins of Complex Life, 2015, W.W. Norton & Co., pp. 1 and 4-5.
  16. Nancy Kleckner, J.K. Fisher, Mathieu Stouf, et al, "The bacterial nucleoid: nature, dynamics and sister segregation” 12-01-2014, Current Opinion in Microbiology. Growth and development, 127.137.137. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2014.10.001. PMC 4359759. PMID 25460806.
  17. "Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure,” | Science Primer". scienceprimer.com.
  18. Wikipedia article on Unicellular Organism.
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  20. Robert M. Hazen, Ibid., p. 134.
  21. https://opentextbc.ca/biology2eopenstax/chapter/structure-of-prokaryotes-bacteria-and-archaea/#:~:text=The%20timelines%20of%20divergence%20suggest,diverged%20from%20the%20archaean%20line.
  22. Hazen, pp.129-130.
  23. Arvin Ash, Ibid.
  24. Arvin Ash, “Abiogenesis – How Life Came from Inanimate Matter,” a video film, 9-6-2019, www.arvinash.com
  25. Juli Peretó, "Controversies on the Origin of Life," 2005, International Microbiology. 8 (1): 23–31. PMID 15906258. See also, David Warmflash and Benjamin Warmflash, "Did Life Come from Another World?," Scientific American, November 2005, 293 (5): 64–71. Bibcode:2005SciAm.293e..64W. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1105-64. PMID 16318028.
  26. https://www.livescience.com/32983-what-are-ingredients-life.html.
  27. https://www.livescience.com/32983-what-are-ingredients-life.html#:~:text=Nonetheless%2C%20all%20organisms%20are%20built,phosphorus%20and%20sulfur%20(CHNOPS)
  28. Robert. M. Hazen, The Story of Earth: The First 4.5 Billion Years, from Stardust to Living Planet, 2012, Penguin Books.
  29. Robert. M. Hazen, The Story of Earth: The First 4.5 Billion Years, from Stardust to Living Planet, 2012, Penguin Books, p. 131.
  30. Stephen J. Gould, The Lying Stones of Marrakech: Penultimate Reflections in Natural History, 2001, Vintage, pp. 119–121. ISBN 978-0-09-928583-0. See also, Ernst Mayr, Toward a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of An Evolutionist, 1988, Harvard University Press. p. 499. ISBN 978-0-674-89666-6.
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  32. Robert. M. Hazen, The Story of Earth: The First 4.5 Billion Years, from Stardust to Living Planet, 2012, Penguin Books, p. 131.
  33. Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 9-1-2017. See also, "Calcium: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals," 7-9-2019, Office of Dietary Supplements, U.S. National Institutes of Health.
  34. From the Simple Wikipedia article on “Origin of Life.”
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  37. Robert M. Hazen, The Story of Earth: The First 4.5 billion Years, from Stardust to Living Planet, 2013, Penguin Books, p. 128, paraphrased.
  38. Tom Herrmann and Sandeep Sharma, “Physiology, Membrane,” 3-2-2019, StatPearls, SIU School of Medicine, Baptist Regional Medical Center, PMID 30855799.
  39. Arvin Ash, “Abiogenesis – How Life Came from Inanimate Matter,” a video film, 9-6-2019, www.arvinash.com
  40. Arvin Ash, “Abiogenesis,” Ibid.
  41. Arvin Ash, “Abiogenesis,” Ibid.
  42. Arvin Ash, “Abiogenesis,” Ibid.
  43. Ann Taylor and Scott Feller, the entry for “Lipids” in Chemistry Explained, online at http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Kr-Ma/Lipids.html.
  44. Andrew Pohorille and David Deamer, "Self-assembly and Function of Primitive Cell Membranes," 6-23-2009, Research in Microbiology, 160 (7): 449–456. 
  45. Arvin Ash, Abiogenesis, Ibid.
  46. Arvin Ash, Abiogenesis, Ibid. See also, Caitlin Cornell, Roy Black, Mengjun Xue, et al., “Prebiotic Amino-acids Bind to and Stabilize Prebiotic Fatty Acid Membranes,” Edited by David Weitz, 1-8-2019, Harvard University, Proceeds of the National Academy of Sciences.  https: doi.org/10.1073/pnas.m 1900275116.
  47. Arvin Ash, “Abiogenesis,” Ibid.
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  51. "The Idea that Life Began as Clay Crystals is 50 Years Old," BBC.com. 2016-08-24. Retrieved 11-10-2019.
  53. Elena Boldryeva, “Crystalline Amino-acids: A Link Between Chemistry, Materials Science and Biology, a paper in Models, Mysteries and Magic of Molecules, J.C. Boeyens and J. Ogilvie, eds., 2008, Springer Dordrecht, DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5941-4_7. See https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-5941-4_7 [/note}

    Diatoms Make Silica Cell Walls that Are Similar to Crystals

    Since quartz crystals and many other mineral crystals are primarily made of silica (i.e., of silicon-dioxide) it worth noting that tiny single-celled living creatures called diatoms form their outer cells walls using silica. In other words, diatoms make their outer walls out of a mineral that also makes up rocks.  Diatoms are a type of micro-algae found in oceans, waterways, and soils worldwide. Like green plants and green algae, diatoms convert light energy to chemical energy by photosynthesis, although this shared capability evolved independently in both lineages. Diatoms generate about 20 to 50 percent of the oxygen produced on the planet each year,52 "What are Diatoms?" Diatoms of North America. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
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  57. Professor Richard O. Prum, The Evolution of Beauty: How Darwin’s Forgotten Theory of Mate Choice Shapes the Animal World – and Us,  2017, Doubleday.
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  62.   https://softbites.org/2018/02/15/discovery-of-liquid-crystals-in-short-dna/.
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  66. J.M. Berg, J.L. Tymoczko, and L. Stryer,  (2002). "Protein Structure and Function," 2002, Biochemistry, W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-4684-3.  See also, D.J. Selkoe,

    Diagram of a Folded Protein (myoblobin)

    Folded Structure of Myoblobin protein "Folding proteins in fatal ways, December, 2003, Nature. 426 (6968): 900–4, bibcode:2003 Natur.426..900S. doi:10.1038/nature02264. PMID 14685251. S2CID 6451881. See also B. Alberts, D. Bray D, K. Hopkin, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts, and P. Walter, "Protein Structure and Function," Essential Cell Biology (Third ed.), 2010, Garland Science. pp. 120–70. ISBN 978-0-8153-4454-4.
  67. "Prion diseases" Diseases and conditions, National Institute of Health. See also "Prion diseases," Diseases and conditions. National Institute of Health. See also, "Prion infectious agent,” Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  68. C.M. Dobson, "The Structural Basis of Protein Folding and its Links with Human Disease,” Feb. 2001, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences. 356 (1406): pp. 133–45. doi:10.1098/rstb.2000.0758. PMC 1088418. PMID 11260793. See also: Todd E. Golde, David R. Borchelt, Benoit I Giasson, and Jada Lewis,. "Thinking Laterally About Neurodegenerative Proteinopathies,” 5-01-2013, Journal of Clinical Investigation. 123 (5): pp. 1847–1855. doi:10.1172/JCI66029. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 3635732. PMID 23635781.
  69. First Life on Earth Archived 2012-06-29 at Archive.today windmillministries.org, Retrieved on 2008-01-18.  See also: Letters of Charles Darwin, written in 1871, published in Darwin, Francis, ed., 1887, The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Including an Autobiographical Chapter, Volume 3, London: John Murray.
  70. Arvin Ash, “Abiogenesis,” Ibid.
  71. Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey, "Organic Compound Synthesis on the Primitive Earth." 1959, Science. 130 (3370): 245–51. Bibcode:1959Sci...130..245M. doi:10.1126/science.130.3370.245. PMID 13668555. See also, Lazcano and J.L. Bada, "The 1953 Stanley L. Miller Experiment: Fifty Years of Prebiotic Organic Chemistry,” 2004, Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres.” 33 (3): 235–242. Bibcode:2003OLEB...33..235L. doi:10.1023/A:1024807125069. PMID 14515862. S2CID 19515024.
  72.  Oró J, Kimball AP (August 1961). "Synthesis of purines under possible primitive earth conditions. I. Adenine from hydrogen cyanide". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 94 (2): 217–27. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(61)90033-9. PMID 13731263. See also,  Oró J, Kamat SS (April 1961). "Amino-acid synthesis from hydrogen cyanide under possible primitive earth conditions". Nature. 190 (4774): 442–3. Bibcode:1961Natur.190..442O. doi:10.1038/190442a0. PMID 13731262. S2CID 4219284. See also, Oró J (1967). Fox SW (ed.). Origins of Prebiological Systems and of Their Molecular Matrices. New York Academic Press. p. 137.
  73. Johnson AP, Cleaves HJ, Dworkin JP, Glavin DP, Lazcano A, Bada JL (October 2008). "The Miller volcanic spark discharge experiment". Science. 322 (5900): 404.  Bibcode:2008Sci...322..404J. doi:10.1126/science.1161527. PMID 18927386. S2CID 10134423. See also, "Lost' Miller–Urey Experiment Created More Of Life's Building Blocks". Science Daily. October 17, 2008. Archived from the original on October 19, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  74. Laura Mallonee, “Turns Out Crystallized DNA Is Crazy Pretty,” 2015, WIRED Magazine, https://www.wired.com/2015/08/linden-gledhill-crystalized-dna/.
  75. L.A. Moran LA (2011-03-24). "The Total Size of the human genome is very likely to be ~3,200 Mb," 3-24-11, Sandwalk.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-07-16. See also, "The Finished length of the human genome is 2.86 Gb," Strategicgenomics.com, 6-12-2006-06,  Retrieved 2012-07-16. See also, International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (October 2004). "Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome," October 2004, Nature. 431 (7011): 931–45. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..931H. doi:10.1038/nature03001. PMID 15496913.
  76. Celia Henry Arnaus,“How the First Nucleotides Might Have Formed on Earth,” Chemical & Engineering News, 4-27-2016.
  77. Celia Henry Arnaud, “How the first nucleotides might have formed on Earth,” Chemical and Engineering News, 4-27-16, referencing the publication: “Spontaneous Formation and Base Pairing of Plausible Prebiotic Nucleotides in Water,” by Brian J. Cafferty, David M. Fialho, Jaheda Khanam, Ramanarayanan Krishnamurthy & Nicholas V. Hud, Nature Communications, volume 7, Article number: 11328 (2016).  DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11328).
  78. their results were published in the 2017 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences PNAS 2017; 4-10-2017, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700010114.
  79. S. Konikkat  (February 2016). “Dynamic Remodeling Events Drive the Removal of the ITS2 Spacer Sequence During Assembly of 60S Ribosomal Subunits,” February 2016, in S. cerevisiae (Ph.D. thesis). Carnegie Mellon University. See also E.W.  Weiler and L. Nover, (2008). Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik (in German). Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. p. 532. ISBN 978-3-13-152791-2. See also J. de la Cruz J, K. Karbstein, and J.L. Woolford, (2015). "Functions of ribosomal proteins in assembly of eukaryotic ribosomes in vivo". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 84: 93–129. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-033917. PMC 4772166. PMID 25706898.
  82. The ability of electron microscopes to see the atomic structures of molecules has led to the new field of Structural Cell Biology. Powerful microscopy plus crystallography and computational tools are now able to generate testable atomic models of cellular machines. 80 https://www.cell.com/trends/cell-biology/fulltext/S0962-8924(06)00020-1. Synthetic Biology Another new field, Synthetic Biology, uses our understanding of cellular machines and other aspects of cellular biology to engineer new functions into living things, producing useful chemical compounds such as pharmaceuticals and biofuels. “This effort has already led to some astonishing successes, but much work, including standardization of techniques for manipulating genes, still needs to be done before cells can be as easily engineered as traditional machines.” http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2011/issue88/ Synthetic Biology Creates A Vaccine for the Covid-19 Virus
    Covid-19 Virus

    Covid-19 Virus

    In late 2020, synthetic biology successfully produced some of the first vaccines to fight the COVID-19 virus. Unlike traditional vaccines which use weakened or inactivated versions of the germ they intend to fight, the new vaccines use laboratory-made mRNA.  When injected into our arms, the new mRNA vaccines instruct some of our cells to make a harmless piece of “spike protein” on their own surfaces, like the spikes found on the surface of the COVID-19 virus. Next, our bodies’ overall immune systems recognize the spiky proteins as “foreign bodies,” and our immune systems begin making antibodies to kill the cells that have spikes. At the end of the process, our bodies have learned how to kill any and all cells that have spikes, thus protecting us against future infection from real COVID-19 viruses. 81 https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html.
  83. Alexis Madrigal, “Self-Replicating Chemicals Evolve Into Lifelike Ecosystem,” Wired, 1/8, 1889.  https://www.wired.com/2009/01/replicatingrna/.
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  88. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration.
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  90. Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Bender KS, Buckley DH, Stahl DA (2014). Brock Biology of Microorganisms. Benjamin-Cummings Pub Co. pp. 448–449. ISBN 978-0321897398. See also, R. Rabus, TA Hansen, and F Widdel,   "Dissimilatory Sulfate-and Sulfur-Reducing Prokaryotes," 2006, The Prokaryotes, 2006, Springer Publishing, pp. 659–768. doi:10.1007/0-387-30742-7_22. ISBN 978-0-387-25492-0.
  92. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate-reducing_microorganisms, 91 LL Barton and GD Fauque, “Biochemistry, Physiology and Biotechnology of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria,” Advances in Applied Microbiology, 2009, pp. 41–98. doi:10.1016/s0065-2164(09)01202-7. ISBN 9780123748034. PMID 19426853.
  93.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur-reducing_bacteria#:~:text=Acidithiobacillus%20are%20chemolithoautrophics%2C%20Gram%2Dnegative,and%20nitrogen%20from%20the%20atmosphere.
  94. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.biomine.skelleftea.se%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FSulfate_reducing_bacteria&psig=AOvVaw0lzzAafSRHXcc93VaXn8L-&ust=1613421722267000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCKjI5bae6u4CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD, footnotes 2, 12, 13, and 14.
  95.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_organism#:~:text=An%20anaerobic%20organism%20or%20anaerobe,that%20requires%20an%20oxygenated%20environment.
  96. Robert Hazen, Ibid., p. 135.
  97. Walter Gilbert, "The RNA World," February 1986, Nature 319 (6055): 618. Bibcode:1986Natur.319..618G. doi:10.1038/319618a0. S2CID 8026658.
  98. Christopher Packham, “Researchers Produce all RNA Nucleobases in Simulated Primordial Earth,” 4-21-2017, Phys.org News, https://phys.org/news/2017-04-rna-nucleobases-simulated-primordial-earth.html.
  99. Khan Academy, RNA World AP.BIO: SYI‑3 (EU), SYI‑3.E (LO), SYI‑3.E.2 (EK)
  100. BH Patel, C Percivalle, DJ Ritson, CD Duffy, and JD Sutherland, "Common Origins of RNA, Protein and Lipid Precursors in a Cyanosulfidic Protometabolism,"April 2015, Nature Chemistry. 7 (4): 301–7. Bibcode:2015NatCh...7..301P. doi:10.1038/nchem.2202. PMC 4568310. PMID 25803468.
  101. Nicholas Wade, Nicholas (May 4, 2015). "Making Sense of the Chemistry That Led to Life on Earth," 5-4-2015, The New York Times.  See also, SD Copley, E Smith, and HJ Morowitz, "The Origin of the RNA World: Co-evolution of Genes and Metabolism," Bioorganic Chemistry. 35 (6): 430–43. doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2007.08.001. PMID 17897696.
  102. M. Root-Bernstein M and R. Root-Bernstein, "The Ribosome as a Missing Link in the Evolution of Life," February 2015, Journal of Theoretical Biology. 367: 130–158. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.11.025. PMID 25500179.
  103. “The RNA Origin of Life,” NOVA Labs, https://www.pbs.org/video/nova-labs-rna-origin-life/. See also, Kahn Academy, “The RNA Origin of Life, https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/natural-selection/origins-of-life-on-earth/v/originoflife.
  104. Liang Shen and Ji Hong-Fang, "Small Cofactors May Assist Protein Emergence from RNA World: Clues from RNA-Protein Complexes," 2011, PLOS ONE. 6 (7): e22494. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...622494S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022494. PMC 3138788. PMID 21789260.
  105. R.J. Mackenzie, “DNA vs. RNA – 5 Key Differences and Comparison,” 12-18-2020, Genomics Research from Technology Networks.
  106. “Genome Variations: How Different is One Human Genome from Another?,” Jan 15, 2003, www.genomenewsnetwork.org.,resources, Ch. 4_1.
  107. Robert Hazen, Ibid. pp. 129-30.
  108. Kendall Powell, “How Biologists are creating life-like cells from scratch: Built from the bottom up, synthetic cells and other creations are starting to come together and could soon test the boundaries of life,” Nature, News Feature 11-7-2018.”
  109. Kendall Powell, How biologists are creating life-like cells from scratch, Nature Magazine, Nature 563, 172-175 (2018) https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07289-x
  110. Juli Peretó, "Controversies on the Origin of Life, 2005, International Microbiology. 8 (1): 23–31. PMID 15906258. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2015. See also, Wikipedia article on Abiogenesis.
  111. Nick Lane (Professor of Evolutionary Biochemistry at University College, London), The Vital Question: Energy, Evolution, and the Origins of Complex Life, 2015, W.W. Norton, p.27.
  112. Hazen, Ibid. p. 147.
  113. See, “What is the Body Made Of,” online at New Scientist.
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  139. Bill Steele, Ibid.
  140. Bill Steele, Ibid.
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  142. Leslie March, “Life's Crystal Code,” 3-19-2009, www.space.com.
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  145. Arvin Ash, “Abiogenesis,” a video film, Ibid.
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  150. Michael Schirber, Ibid.
  151. Michael Schirber, Ibid.
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  153. Robert Hazen, Ibid., p.138.
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  189. Roger T. Ames, Roger T. (1998) ed. Wandering at Ease in the Zhuangzi, 1998, State University of New York Press.[/note) Our Way of positive participation in Continuing Creation advocates just the opposite: we affirm that reality is real, and our human constructive efforts are critically important in achieving progress… on all fronts that are moral.  (See our Essays, Leading a Fulfilled and Happy Life, and Leading a Virtuous Life.) The Tao Te Ching Fortunately, the other foundational book of Taoism, the Tao Te Ching, agrees with us: it is very much about purposeful living and working; but always in a centered, calm, and effective manner. In this view, “aimless wandering” is a meditative tool for resting and rejuvenating the mind and body, before returning to constructive living. The Tao Te Ching -- “The Way and its Power,” or “The Way and its Virtue” – is attributed to Lao Tzu or Laozi, “The Old Master”.  The Tao Te Ching is a collection of just 81 very short, poem-like statements (“chapters”) about the nature of reality and how to live life.
    Illustration for The Tao Te Ching

    Illustration for The Tao Te Ching

    There is no historical evidence that the Old Master ever lived, or that he wrote the Tao Te Ching. A number of scholars believe that the little book was written by a collaboration of authors. Legend says that after writing the book, Lao Tzu retired alone into the mountains, never to be heard from again. 188 Livia Kohn and Michael Lafargue, eds., Lao-Tzu and the Tao-Te-Ching, 1998, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-3599-1.
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  197. Alan Watts, Ibid. p. 25.
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  204. Tai chi exercises, a set of highly controlled gestural exercises, coupled with “right breathing” and “correct concentration,” are today practiced all over the world, usually outdoors in the open air. These flowing exercises can be performed by people of all ages and nearly all physical abilities.
    205. Tai chi (or Tai chi Ch’uan), began as a martial arts tradition. Two other Chinese martial arts practices are Bagua Zhang, and Xing Yi Quan. They also embody Taoist principles to a significant extent, and some practitioners consider their art a means of practicing Taoism. 202 Robert Rousseau, "An Introduction to Chinese Martial Arts Styles." Retrieved 2017-06-01. See also, Stephen Prothero, Ibid., p. 283.
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